Vectors

Vectors, in mathematical terms, are entities that possess both direction and magnitude (size). This differentiates them from scalars, which only contain magnitude. In the field of physics, vectors are employed to illustrate quantities such as force and velocity. In the realm of computer science, they are utilized for spatial representations and algorithms. Operations such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication by scalars can be performed on vectors.

Vector Addition

Given vector \(\mathbf{a} = [3, 2, 1]\) and vector \(\mathbf{b} = [1, 4, 2]\), find the sum of these two vectors \(\mathbf{a} + \mathbf{b}\).

Vector Subtraction

Let \(\vec{a} = 3\hat{i} - 4\hat{j} + 2\hat{k}\) and \(\vec{b} = -\hat{i} + 2\hat{j} - 3\hat{k}\). Find \(\vec{a} - \vec{b}\).

Vector Multiplication by a Scalar

Let vector \( \mathbf{v} = [4, -3, 2] \). Find the result of \( -2 \mathbf{v} \).

Finding the Variables

Given the vectors \( \vec{A} = 2\vec{i} - 3\vec{j} + k \) and \( \vec{B} = -\vec{i} + 2\vec{j} + 4k \). If \( \vec{A} \) and \( \vec{B} \) are orthogonal to each other, find the value of \( k \).

Finding the Length

Find the length of the vector \(v = (4, 3, 12)\).

Finding the Position Vector

Given two points A (1, 2, 3) and B (4, -1, 5), find the position vector of B in respect to A.

Determining Column Spaces

Determine the column space for the matrix \[ A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 7 & 8 & 9 \end{bmatrix} \]

Finding an Orthonormal Basis by Gram-Schmidt Method

Given a set of vectors \(V = \{v_1, v_2, v_3\}\) in \(\mathbb{R}^3\) with \(v_1 = [1, 0, 0]\), \(v_2 = [1, 1, 0]\), and \(v_3 = [1, 1, 1]\), find an orthonormal basis for this set using the Gram-Schmidt process.