Step 1 :Define the null and alternative hypotheses. The null hypothesis is that the proportion of births to mothers under 20 years of age is 13.3%, while the alternative hypothesis is that the proportion is less than 13.3%.
Step 2 :Calculate the p-value using the binomial distribution. The p-value is the probability of observing a result as extreme as, or more extreme than, the observed data, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.
Step 3 :In this case, we observed 5 births to mothers under 20 years of age out of a sample of 34. If the null hypothesis is true, and the true proportion is 13.3%, then the probability of observing 5 or fewer such births can be calculated using the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the binomial distribution.
Step 4 :Using the given values, n = 34 and p = 0.133, calculate the p-value.
Step 5 :The calculated p-value is 0.7055.
Step 6 :Compare the p-value with the significance level of 0.01. Since the p-value is much greater than the significance level, we do not have enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
Step 7 :Therefore, we cannot support the sociologist's claim that the proportion of births to mothers under 20 years of age is decreasing.
Step 8 :Final Answer: The null hypothesis is that the proportion of births to mothers under 20 years of age is 13.3%, and the alternative hypothesis is that the proportion is less than 13.3%. The p-value is \(\boxed{0.7055}\).